The Basics of Hypothermia

What is hypothermia?

When the body is exposed to cold, it begins to lose heat.  If it loses heat faster than it can produce heat, hypothermia can occur.  

Hypothermia  (hypo = low and therm = temperature) means that the temperature of the body has fallen below 95°F.   At that temperature, the heart, nervous system and other organs cannot function properly. 

Hypothermia is very serious and can lead quickly to unconsciousness and, eventually, to death.  Since the symptoms (including confusion) develop gradually, many people are unaware of being hypothermic and fail to take steps to help themselves.  

Hypothermia is often associated with being stranded outdoors in very cold temperatures, but this is a dangerous generalization.  Being exposed to any middle to low temperature—whether indoors or outdoors—can cause hypothermia, especially if the air is also wet.  Think about how cold you feel when caught in the rain, for example...even in springtime.

Who is most at risk for hypothermia?

While hypothermia can strike anyone, some people are at greater risk, including:

• The elderly, especially those who are without adequate shelter, food or heat.
• Infants and small children (because they lose heat faster than adults do).
• People with medical conditions that affect the body’s ability to regulate body temperature.  These include stroke, severe arthritis, spinal cord injuries and diabetes.
• People with mental disorders, including dementia.
• Anyone who is drinking alcoholic beverages or using recreational drugs in cool/cold weather.

What are the warning signs for hypothermia?

Adults:

• Shivering and chattering
• Confusion and memory loss
• Poor decision making and/or lack of   concern for self
• Slurred speech
• Lack of coordination
• Drowsiness and fatigue
• Puffy, swollen face
• Slowed, weak pulse
• Shallow breathing
• Pale, cool skin

Infants:

• Fatigue, lethargy
• Cold and bright red skin